King James Version · Under Rome
Romans 5
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Therefore being by , we have peace with through our : By whom also we have access by into this wherein we stand, and rejoice in of the of . And not only so, but we in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh ; And , experience; and experience, : And maketh not ; because the love of is shed abroad in our by the Ghost which is given unto us. For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ for the ungodly. For scarcely for a man will one : yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to . But commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet , Christ for us. Much more then, being now by his , we shall be from through him. For if, when we were , we were reconciled to by the of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be by his life. And not only so, but we also joy in through our , by whom we have now received the atonement. Wherefore, as by one man entered into the world, and by ; and so passed upon all men, for that all have : (For until was in the world: but is not imputed when there is no law. Nevertheless reigned from to , even over them that had not after the similitude of ’s , who is the figure of him that was to come. But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be , much more the of , and the gift by , which is by one man, , hath abounded unto many. And not as it was by one that , so is the gift: for the was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto . For if by one man’s offence reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of and of the gift of shall reign in life by one, .) Therefore as by the offence of one came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the of one the free gift came upon all men unto of life. For as by one man’s many were made , so by the of one shall many be made . Moreover entered, that the offence might abound. But where abounded, did much more abound: That as hath reigned unto , even so might reign through unto by our .
The 1611 translation, public domain. Its original printing included the Apocrypha, which is why the deuterocanonical books can be read here. Notes and cards are EKLI’s own.
Christians read this chapter differently
- What did Adam do to us? · Romans 5:12-19
Every view at its strongest, with who holds it and what it has to answer for.
The world at this moment · Under Rome, 63 BC to AD 100 ›
Judea as a client kingdom and then a province. Roads, garrisons, taxes, crucifixion, and a common Greek language that let a message travel the empire faster than any before it.
- Rome
- The republic tears itself apart in civil war and comes out as an empire under Augustus. What follows is two centuries of relative peace across the whole Mediterranean, enforced by legions and paid for by taxes, with safe roads and safe sea lanes. Every one of Paul's journeys depends on that.
- Judea
- Governed first through Herod the Great, a client king of enormous ability and enormous brutality who rebuilds the temple into one of the wonders of the ancient world, then directly by Roman prefects. Crucifixion is the standard penalty for sedition and is used often and publicly.
- The wider world
- Greek is spoken from Spain to Syria, which means a letter written in Corinth can be read in Rome without translation. Jewish communities already exist in most major cities, which is where the first Christian preaching lands. Mystery religions, imperial cult, and philosophy all compete in the same marketplace.
- Further afield
- The Han dynasty rules China and trades silk westward along routes that touch the Roman world at second hand. In Britain the Roman conquest begins within a decade of the crucifixion.