King James Version · Under Rome
Romans 16
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I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a which is at : That ye receive her in , as becometh , and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. Greet and Aquila my helpers in Christ : Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I , but also all the churches of the . Likewise greet that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epenetus, who is the of unto Christ. Greet , who bestowed much labour on us. Salute and , my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among , who also were in Christ before me. Greet Amplias my beloved in . Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved. Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus’ household. Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in . Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in . Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in . Salute chosen in , and his mother and mine. Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, , and the brethren which are with them. Salute , and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all which are with them. Salute one another with an kiss. The churches of Christ salute you. Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them. For they that are such not our , but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the of the simple. For your is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil. And the of peace shall bruise under your feet shortly. The of our be with you. . my workfellow, and Lucius, and , and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you. I , who wrote this epistle, salute you in . mine host, and of the whole , saluteth you. the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and a brother. 24The of our be with you all. . Now to him that is of to stablish you according to my , and the preaching of , according to the of , which was kept secret since the world began, But now is made manifest, and by of , according to the of the , to all nations for the of : To only , be through for ever. . Written to the from Corinthus, and sent by Phebe at .
The 1611 translation, public domain. Its original printing included the Apocrypha, which is why the deuterocanonical books can be read here. Notes and cards are EKLI’s own.
Christians read this chapter differently
- What roles may women hold in the church? · Romans 16
Every view at its strongest, with who holds it and what it has to answer for.
The world at this moment · Under Rome, 63 BC to AD 100 ›
Judea as a client kingdom and then a province. Roads, garrisons, taxes, crucifixion, and a common Greek language that let a message travel the empire faster than any before it.
- Rome
- The republic tears itself apart in civil war and comes out as an empire under Augustus. What follows is two centuries of relative peace across the whole Mediterranean, enforced by legions and paid for by taxes, with safe roads and safe sea lanes. Every one of Paul's journeys depends on that.
- Judea
- Governed first through Herod the Great, a client king of enormous ability and enormous brutality who rebuilds the temple into one of the wonders of the ancient world, then directly by Roman prefects. Crucifixion is the standard penalty for sedition and is used often and publicly.
- The wider world
- Greek is spoken from Spain to Syria, which means a letter written in Corinth can be read in Rome without translation. Jewish communities already exist in most major cities, which is where the first Christian preaching lands. Mystery religions, imperial cult, and philosophy all compete in the same marketplace.
- Further afield
- The Han dynasty rules China and trades silk westward along routes that touch the Roman world at second hand. In Britain the Roman conquest begins within a decade of the crucifixion.