King James Version · Under Rome
Romans 4
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What shall we say then that , as pertaining to , hath found? For if were by works, he hath whereof to ; but not before . For what saith the ? , and it was counted unto him for . Now to him that worketh is the reward not of , but of debt. But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his is counted for . Even as also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom imputeth without works, Saying, are they whose are forgiven, and whose are covered. is the man to whom will not impute . Cometh this blessedness then upon the only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that was to for . How was it then ? when he was in , or in uncircumcision? Not in , but in uncircumcision. And he received the sign of , a seal of the of the which he had yet being : that he might be of all them that , though they be not ; that might be imputed unto them also: And of to them who are not of the only, but who also walk in the steps of that of , which he had being yet . For the promise, that he should be the of the world, was not to , or to , through , but through the of . For if they which are of be , is made void, and the promise made of none effect: Because worketh : for where no law is, there is no . Therefore it is of , that it might be by ; to the end the promise might be sure to all the ; not to that only which is of , but to that also which is of the of ; who is of us all, (As , I have made thee a of many nations,) before him whom he , even , who quickeneth , and calleth those things which be not as though they were. Who against in , that he might become of many nations; according to that which was spoken, So shall thy be. And being not weak in , he considered not his own body now , when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of ’s : He staggered not at the promise of through unbelief; but was strong in , giving to ; And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform. And therefore it was imputed to him for . Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him; But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we on him that up our from ; Who was for our offences, and was again for our .
The 1611 translation, public domain. Its original printing included the Apocrypha, which is why the deuterocanonical books can be read here. Notes and cards are EKLI’s own.
The world at this moment · Under Rome, 63 BC to AD 100 ›
Judea as a client kingdom and then a province. Roads, garrisons, taxes, crucifixion, and a common Greek language that let a message travel the empire faster than any before it.
- Rome
- The republic tears itself apart in civil war and comes out as an empire under Augustus. What follows is two centuries of relative peace across the whole Mediterranean, enforced by legions and paid for by taxes, with safe roads and safe sea lanes. Every one of Paul's journeys depends on that.
- Judea
- Governed first through Herod the Great, a client king of enormous ability and enormous brutality who rebuilds the temple into one of the wonders of the ancient world, then directly by Roman prefects. Crucifixion is the standard penalty for sedition and is used often and publicly.
- The wider world
- Greek is spoken from Spain to Syria, which means a letter written in Corinth can be read in Rome without translation. Jewish communities already exist in most major cities, which is where the first Christian preaching lands. Mystery religions, imperial cult, and philosophy all compete in the same marketplace.
- Further afield
- The Han dynasty rules China and trades silk westward along routes that touch the Roman world at second hand. In Britain the Roman conquest begins within a decade of the crucifixion.