World English Bible · Under Rome
Romans 16
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I commend to you , our sister, who is a that is at , that you receive her in in a way worthy of , and that you assist her in whatever matter she may need from you, for she herself also has been a helper of many, and of my own self. Greet and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ , who risked their own necks for my life, to whom not only I , but also all the assemblies of the . Greet that is in their house. Greet Epaenetus, my beloved, who is the of to Christ. Greet , who labored much for us. Greet and , my relatives and my fellow prisoners, who are notable among , who were also in Christ before me. Greet Amplias, my beloved in . Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and Stachys, my beloved. Greet Apelles, the approved in Christ. Greet those who are of the household of Aristobulus. Greet Herodion, my kinsman. Greet them of the household of Narcissus, who are in . Greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa, who labor in . Greet Persis, the beloved, who labored much in . Greet , the chosen in , and his mother and mine. Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, , Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers who are with them. Greet and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all who are with them. Greet one another with a kiss. The assemblies of Christ greet you. Now I beg you, brothers, look out for those who are causing the divisions and occasions of stumbling, contrary to the doctrine which you learned, and turn away from them. For those who are such don't our , but their own belly; and by their smooth and flattering speech they deceive the of the innocent. For your has become known to all. I rejoice therefore over you. But I to have you in that which is good, but innocent in that which is evil. And the of peace will quickly crush under your feet. The of our be with you. , my fellow worker, greets you, as do Lucius, , and Sosipater, my relatives. I, , who write the letter, greet you in . , my host and host of the whole , greets you. , the treasurer of the city, greets you, as does , the brother. 24The of our be with you all! .
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Christians read this chapter differently
- What roles may women hold in the church? · Romans 16
Every view at its strongest, with who holds it and what it has to answer for.
The world at this moment · Under Rome, 63 BC to AD 100 ›
Judea as a client kingdom and then a province. Roads, garrisons, taxes, crucifixion, and a common Greek language that let a message travel the empire faster than any before it.
- Rome
- The republic tears itself apart in civil war and comes out as an empire under Augustus. What follows is two centuries of relative peace across the whole Mediterranean, enforced by legions and paid for by taxes, with safe roads and safe sea lanes. Every one of Paul's journeys depends on that.
- Judea
- Governed first through Herod the Great, a client king of enormous ability and enormous brutality who rebuilds the temple into one of the wonders of the ancient world, then directly by Roman prefects. Crucifixion is the standard penalty for sedition and is used often and publicly.
- The wider world
- Greek is spoken from Spain to Syria, which means a letter written in Corinth can be read in Rome without translation. Jewish communities already exist in most major cities, which is where the first Christian preaching lands. Mystery religions, imperial cult, and philosophy all compete in the same marketplace.
- Further afield
- The Han dynasty rules China and trades silk westward along routes that touch the Roman world at second hand. In Britain the Roman conquest begins within a decade of the crucifixion.