World English Bible · Egypt and Sinai
Leviticus 5
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"'If anyone , in that he hears a public adjuration to testify, he being a , whether he has seen or known, if he doesn't report it, then he shall bear his . "'Or if anyone touches any thing, whether it is the carcass of an animal, or the carcass of livestock, or the carcass of creeping things, and it is hidden from him, and he is , then he shall be guilty. "'Or if he touches the uncleanness of man, whatever his uncleanness is with which he is , and it is hidden from him; when he knows of it, then he shall be guilty. "'Or if anyone swears rashly with his to do evil or to do good—whatever it is that a man might utter rashly with an , and it is hidden from him—when he knows of it, then he will be guilty of one of these. It shall be, when he is guilty of one of these, he shall that in which he has ; and he shall bring his to for his which he has : a female from the flock, or a goat, for a ; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his . "'If he can't afford , then he shall bring his for that in which he has , two , or two , to ; one for a , and the other for a . He shall bring them to the priest, who shall first offer the one which is for the . He shall wring off its head from its neck, but shall not sever it completely. He shall sprinkle some of of the on the side of the ; and the rest of shall be drained out at the base of the . It is a . He shall offer the second for a , according to the ; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his which he has , and he shall be forgiven. "'But if he can't afford two or two , then he shall bring as his for that in which he has , one tenth of an ephah of for a . He shall put no oil on it, and he shall not put any on it, for it is a . He shall bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it as the memorial , and burn it on the , on the of made by . It is a . The priest shall make atonement for him concerning his that he has in any of these things, and he will be forgiven; and the rest shall be the priest's, as the .'" 14 spoke to , saying, "If anyone commits a trespass, and unwittingly regarding things, then he shall bring his to : a ram from the flock, according to your estimation in silver by , according to the , for a . He shall for that which he has done wrong regarding the thing, and shall add a fifth part to it, and give it to the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the , and he will be forgiven. "If anyone , doing any of the things which has commanded not to be done, though he didn't know it, he is still guilty, and shall bear his . He shall bring a ram from of the flock, according to your estimation, for a , to the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning the thing in which he and didn't know it, and he will be forgiven. It is a . He is certainly guilty before ."
A public domain modern English translation, free to read and share. Notes and cards are EKLI’s own.
The world at this moment · Egypt and Sinai, 1450 BC to 1200 BC ›
Israel in and then out of Egypt, at a period when Egypt was an imperial power that also controlled Canaan. The nation is formed as a people with a law before it has any land.
- Egypt
- The New Kingdom at its imperial peak, with a professional army, a chariot corps, and control reaching up through Canaan. Ramesses II reigns for sixty-six years and covers the country in monuments to himself. Egyptian power in this period is the reason Canaan is garrisoned rather than free.
- The Hittites
- The other superpower, in what is now Turkey, and Egypt's rival for the Levant. The two fight the largest chariot battle of the ancient world at Kadesh, then sign a treaty whose text survives from both sides. Hittite treaty form, with its historical prologue, stipulations, witnesses, blessings, and curses, is the shape the Sinai covenant takes, which is one of the stronger arguments for the antiquity of that material.
- The Aegean
- Mycenaean Greece: warrior kings in stone citadels at Mycenae and Pylos, keeping palace accounts in Linear B. The world of the Trojan War stories, whatever lies behind them.
- Further afield
- The Shang dynasty in China is casting extraordinary bronzes and writing questions to its ancestors on ox bones. In Mesoamerica the Olmec are beginning the first civilisation of the Americas.